cmd/link, cmd/cgo: support -flto in CFLAGS

The linker now accepts unrecognized object files in external linking mode.
These objects will simply be passed to the external linker.
This permits using -flto which can generate pure byte code objects,
whose symbol table the linker does not know how to read.

The cgo tool now passes -fno-lto when generating objects whose symbols
it needs to read. The cgo tool now emits matching types in different
objects, so that the lto linker does not report a mismatch.

This is based on https://golang.org/cl/293290 by Derek Parker.

For #43505
Fixes #43830
Fixes #46295

Change-Id: I6787de213417466784ddef5af8899e453b4ae1ad
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/322614


Trust: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@canonical.com>