cmd/go: avoid type names in __debug__modinfo__ variable injected in package main

If we use the name 'string' to refer to the built-in type, that name
can be shadowed by a local declaration. Use a string constant instead,
but keep the init function to populate it so that //go:linkname will
still work properly.

Fixes #27584.

Change-Id: I850cad6663e566f70fd123107d2e4e742c93b450
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/134915


Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>