cmd/link, cmd/internal/obj: use encoding/binary for varint

This code was written before the c2go toolchain conversion.
Replace the handwritten varint encoding routines
and the handwritten unsigned-to-signed conversions
with calls to encoding/binary.

Passes toolstash-check.

Change-Id: I30d7f408cde3772ee98a3825e83075c4e1ec96d8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/171769


Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>