cmd/compile: handle partial type inference that doesn't require function args

Handle the case where types can be partially inferred for an
instantiated function that is not immediately called. The key for the
Inferred map is the CallExpr (if inferring types required the function
arguments) or the IndexExpr (if types could be inferred without the
function arguments).

Added new tests for the case where the function isn't immediately called
to typelist.go.

Change-Id: I60f503ad67cd192da2f2002060229efd4930dc39
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/305909


Trust: Dan Scales <danscales@google.com>
Trust: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Dan Scales <danscales@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>