math/big: allocate less in Float.Sqrt

The Newton sqrtInverse procedure we use to compute Float.Sqrt should
not allocate a number of times proportional to the number of Newton
iterations we need to reach the desired precision.

At the beginning the function the target precision is known, so even
if we do want to perform the early steps at low precisions (to save
time), it's still possible to pre-allocate larger backing arrays, both
for the temp variables in the loop and the variable that'll hold the
final result.

There's one complication. At the following line:

  u.Sub(three, u)

the Sub method will allocate, because the receiver aliases one of the
arguments, and the large backing array we initially allocated for u
will be replaced by a smaller one allocated by Sub. We can work around
this by introducing a second temp variable u2 that we use to hold the
Sub call result.

Overall, the sqrtInverse procedure still allocates a number of times
proportional to the number of Newton steps, because unfortunately a
few of the Mul calls in the Newton function allocate; but at least we
allocate less in the function itself.

FloatSqrt/256-4        1.97µs ± 1%    1.84µs ± 1%   -6.61%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/1000-4       4.80µs ± 3%    4.28µs ± 1%  -10.78%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/10000-4      40.0µs ± 1%    38.3µs ± 1%   -4.15%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/100000-4      955µs ± 1%     932µs ± 0%   -2.49%  (p=0.000 n=8+7)
FloatSqrt/1000000-4    79.8ms ± 1%    79.4ms ± 1%     ~     (p=0.105 n=8+8)

name                 old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
FloatSqrt/256-4          816B ± 0%      512B ± 0%  -37.25%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/1000-4       2.50kB ± 0%    1.47kB ± 0%  -41.03%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/10000-4      23.5kB ± 0%    18.2kB ± 0%  -22.62%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/100000-4      251kB ± 0%     173kB ± 0%  -31.26%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/1000000-4    4.61MB ± 0%    2.86MB ± 0%  -37.90%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)

name                 old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
FloatSqrt/256-4          12.0 ± 0%       8.0 ± 0%  -33.33%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/1000-4         19.0 ± 0%       9.0 ± 0%  -52.63%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/10000-4        35.0 ± 0%      14.0 ± 0%  -60.00%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/100000-4       55.0 ± 0%      23.0 ± 0%  -58.18%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
FloatSqrt/1000000-4       122 ± 0%        75 ± 0%  -38.52%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)

Change-Id: I950dbf61a40267a6cca82ae72524c3024bcb149c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/87659


Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>